ABSTRACT
A pandemia causada pelo SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) trouxe inúmeros impactos na vida cotidiana, tanto nos aspectos econômicos, como nos emocionais, psicológicos e sociais. Em situações difíceis, as pessoas, muitas vezes, recorrem à espiritualidade ou à religiosidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a presença da religiosidade/espiritualidade entre a população brasileira diante da pandemia da COVID- 19, correlacionado com a qualidade de vida. É um estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal, realizado nos últimos meses de 2020. Os dados foram coletados por meio de respostas aos instrumentos WHOQOL-Bref e o WHOQOL-SRPB, de forma online, por meio do Google Forms®. Utilizou-se o método de amostragem não probabilístico do tipo snowball sampling, totalizando 948 respostas. Os dados foram tabulados por meio do software Microsoft Excel (2019) e analisados estatisticamente, considerando significativo p<0,05. Os dados apresentados mostram de forma enfática como os participantes que pertencem a alguma religião, apresentaram melhor relação nos domínios saúde psicológica, independência, meio ambiente e espiritualidade/religião/crenças pessoais em comparação àqueles que declaram não pertencer a uma religião. No entanto, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa para os domínios saúde física e relações sociais. Conclui-se que o pertencimento a uma religião pode contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade de vida e auxiliar o enfrentamento das situações desfavoráveis durante a pandemia COVID-19. Diante disso, destaca-se a importância do desenvolvimento de novos estudos sobre o tema, para compreender com mais veemência e detalhamento, a relação dessas variáveis em contextos de crise que possam alterar a rotina de vida das pessoas.
The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has brought numerous impacts on daily life, both in economic, emotional, psychological, and social aspects. In difficult situations, people often turn to spirituality or religiosity. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of religiosity/spirituality among the Brazilian population facing the pandemic of COVID-19, correlated with quality of life. Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted in the last months of 2020. Data were collected by means of responses to the WHOQOL-Bref and the WHOQOL-SRPB instruments, online, through Google Forms®. The non-probabilistic snowball sampling method was used, totaling 948 answers. Data were tabulated using Microsoft Excel software (2019) and statistically analyzed, considering p<0.05 significant. The data presented emphatically show how the participants, who belong to some religion, presented a better relationship in the domains psychological health, independence, and environment and spirituality/religion/personal beliefs compared to those who do not have a religion. However, there was no statistically significant difference for the physical health and social relationships domains. It is concluded that belonging to a religion can contribute to improved quality of life and assist in coping with unfavorable situations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the importance of developing new studies on the subject is highlighted, in order to understand more vehemently the relationship of these variables in crisis contexts that can change the routine of people's lives.
La pandemia causada por el SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ha traído numerosos impactos en la vida cotidiana, tanto en los aspectos económicos, emocionales, psicológicos y sociales. En situaciones difíciles, las personas suelen recurrir a la espiritualidad o la religiosidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la presencia de religiosidad/espiritualidad en la población brasileña que enfrenta la pandemia de COVID- 19, correlacionada con la calidad de vida. Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal, realizado en los últimos meses de 2020. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de respuestas a los instrumentos WHOQOL-Bref y WHOQOL-SRPB, en línea, a través de Google Forms®. Se utilizó el método de muestreo no probabilístico de bola de nieve, totalizando 948 respuestas. Los datos fueron tabulados utilizando el software Microsoft Excel (2019) y analizados estadísticamente, considerando p<0,05 significativa. Los datos presentados muestran enfáticamente cómo los participantes, que pertenecen a alguna religión, presentaron una mejor relación en los dominios salud psicológica, independencia y entorno y espiritualidad/religión/creencias personales en comparación con aquellos que no tienen religión. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas para los dominios salud física y relaciones sociales. Se concluye que la pertenencia a una religión puede contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida y ayudar a afrontar situaciones desfavorables durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Por lo tanto, se destaca la importancia de desarrollar nuevos estudios sobre el tema, para comprender con más vehemencia la relación de estas variables en contextos de crisis que pueden cambiar la rutina de vida de las personas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Quality of Life/psychology , Religion , Spirituality , COVID-19/diagnosis , Population , Cross-Sectional Studies/methods , PandemicsABSTRACT
La salud visual se define como la ausencia de aquellas alteraciones visuales, que impiden al ser humano conseguir un estado físico, cultural, estructural y funcional de bienestar social. También es considerada como la ausencia de enfermedad ocular, acompañada de una buena agudeza visual. El Ministerio de Salud, como rector del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud (SNIS), ha implementado un estudio diagnóstico de la atención de la salud visual en el país, para establecer el recurso humano, capacidad instalada y portafolio de servicios con los que cuenta y que esto permita establecer políticas, lineamientos y planes que a través de diversas estrategias puedan fortalecer y generar nuevas ofertas de servicios para satisfacer la demanda de la población salvadoreña. En ese sentido, se presenta a continuación la sistematización de la recopilación de información de la red de establecimientos del SNIS, a fin de contar con la información actualizada de la situación de la salud visual según la realidad local, para que sirva de base a fin de valorar las diferentes alternativas o propuestas que permitan atender las brechas o necesidades detectadas en el tema en mención
Visual health is defined as the absence of those visual alterations that prevent the human being from achieving a physical, cultural, structural and functional state of social well-being. It is also considered as the absence of eye disease, accompanied by good visual acuity. The Ministry of Health, as rector of the National Integrated Health System (SNIS), has implemented a diagnostic study of visual health care in the country, to establish the human resources, installed capacity and portfolio of services available and that this allows the establishment of policies, guidelines and plans that through various strategies can strengthen and generate new service offers to satisfy the demand of the Salvadoran population. In this sense, the systematization of the collection of information from the network of SNIS establishments is presented below, in order to have updated information on the visual health situation according to local reality, to serve as a basis for to assess the different alternatives or proposals that allow addressing the gaps or needs detected in the subject in question
Subject(s)
Eye Health , Diagnosis , Population , Visual Acuity , Delivery of Health Care , El SalvadorABSTRACT
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) permits comprehensive cancer genome analyses, revealing mutational signatures, imprints of DNA damage and repair processes that have arisen in each patient's cancer. We performed mutational signature analyses on 12,222 WGS tumor-normal matched pairs, from patients recruited via the UK National Health Service. We contrasted our results to two independent cancer WGS datasets, the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and Hartwig Foundation, involving 18,640 WGS cancers in total. Our analyses add 40 single and 18 double substitution signatures to the current mutational signature tally. Critically, we show for each organ, that cancers have a limited number of 'common' signatures and a long tail of 'rare' signatures. We provide a practical solution for utilizing this concept of common versus rare signatures in future analyses.
Subject(s)
Neoplasms , Base Sequence , Cohort Studies , DNA Mutational Analysis/methods , Humans , Mutation , Neoplasms/genetics , Population/genetics , United KingdomABSTRACT
Literary and archaeological sources have preserved a rich history of Southern Europe and West Asia since the Bronze Age that can be complemented by genetics. Mycenaean period elites in Greece did not differ from the general population and included both people with some steppe ancestry and others, like the Griffin Warrior, without it. Similarly, people in the central area of the Urartian Kingdom around Lake Van lacked the steppe ancestry characteristic of the kingdom's northern provinces. Anatolia exhibited extraordinary continuity down to the Roman and Byzantine periods, with its people serving as the demographic core of much of the Roman Empire, including the city of Rome itself. During medieval times, migrations associated with Slavic and Turkic speakers profoundly affected the region.
Subject(s)
Human Migration , Population , Archaeology , Asia , Europe , Genetic Variation , Greece , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Human Migration/history , Humans , Population/geneticsABSTRACT
La presente guía de práctica clínica es un esfuerzo realizado por profesionales del Sistema Integrado de Salud (SNIS) coordinado por el Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) ante la evidencia de alta prevalencia de hipertensión arterial en la población salvadoreña adulta y la carga social y económica que genera. En este documento se presenta el proceso que se realizó para la adaptación de la guía para el tratamiento farmacológico del paciente adulto con hipertensión de la OMS año 2021
This clinical practice guideline is an effort made by professionals from the Integrated Health System (SNIS) coordinated by the National Institute of Health (INS) given the evidence of high prevalence of arterial hypertension in the adult Salvadoran population and the social and economic burden that generates This document presents the process that was carried out for the adaptation of the guide for the pharmacological treatment of the adult patient with hypertension of the WHO year 2021
Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Practice Guideline , Hypertension , Patients , Population , El SalvadorABSTRACT
El Instituto Nacional de Salud ha desarrollado el proceso de adaptación de guías de práctica clínicas (GPC) a fin de proveer de un documento científico como herramienta útil para los profesionales de la salud y contribuir en la mejora de la salud del país. La presente guía de práctica clínica es un esfuerzo realizado por profesionales del Sistema Integrado de Salud (SNIS) coordinado por el Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) ante la evidencia de alta prevalencia de hipertensión arterial en la población salvadoreña adulta y la carga social y económica que genera. En este documento se presenta el proceso que se realizó para la adaptación de la guía para el tratamiento farmacológico del paciente adulto con hipertensión de la OMS año 2021
The National Institute of Health has developed the process of adaptation of clinical practice guidelines (GPC) in order to provide a scientific document as a useful tool for health professionals and contribute to the improvement of the country's health. This clinical practice guideline is an effort made by professionals from the Integrated Health System (SNIS) coordinated by the National Institute of Health (INS) given the evidence of high prevalence of arterial hypertension in the adult Salvadoran population and the social and economic burden that generates This document presents the process that was carried out for the adaptation of the guide for the pharmacological treatment of the adult patient with hypertension of the WHO year 2021
Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Hypertension , Patients , Population , El SalvadorABSTRACT
Ante la necesidad apremiante de brindar alternativas esperanzadoras para el control de la mortalidad por la enfermedad del SARS-Cov-2, en nuestro país están por introducirse las vacunas que han mostrado la más alta eficacia, considerando los resultados prometedores de estudios existentes al momento. Este hecho marca la necesidad de diseñar los Lineamientos técnicos para la vacunación contra el SARS-CoV-2, a fin de establecer las disposiciones técnicas al personal de salud del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud en los procesos de conservación, transporte y aplicación de la vacuna a la población objetivo
Given the pressing need to provide hopeful alternatives for the control of mortality from SARS-Cov-2 disease, the vaccines that have shown the highest efficacy are about to be introduced in our country, considering the promising results of existing studies at the moment. This fact marks the need to design the Technical Guidelines for vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, in order to establish the technical provisions for health personnel of the National Integrated Health System in the processes of conservation, transport and application of the vaccine. to the target population
Subject(s)
Vaccination , SARS-CoV-2 , Population , Vaccines , Efficacy , El SalvadorABSTRACT
La prevención y control de las enfermedades inmunoprevenibles, constituye uno de los elementos claves en la atención integral en salud, tendientes a disminuir las tasas de morbimortalidad en la población y grupos prioritarios de riesgo en El Salvador. El 31 de diciembre del 2019, la OMS notifica un brote de casos de neumonías, de etiología desconocida, en Wuhan, provincia de Hubei, China; ante tal situación el Gobierno de El Salvador, el 23 de enero de 2020, decretó Emergencia Sanitaria, por la probable llegada de casos sospechosos de 2019-nCoV y se inicia con los preparativos para enfrentar la pandemia, de lo que posteriormente se denominó como agente causal el COVID-19. Al momento, se están desarrollando más de 169 vacunas candidatas contra la COVID-19, de las cuales 52 se encuentran en fase de ensayos en seres humanos. Ante la necesidad apremiante de brindar alternativas esperanzadoras para el control de la mortalidad por dicha enfermedad, en nuestro país están por introducirse las vacunas que han mostrado la más alta eficacia, considerando los resultados prometedores de estudios existentes al momento. Este hecho, marca la necesidad, de diseñar los Lineamientos técnicos para la vacunación contra el SARS-CoV-2, a fin de establecer las disposiciones técnicas al personal de salud del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud en los procesos de conservación, transporte y aplicación de la vacuna a la población objetivo
The prevention and control of vaccine-preventable diseases is one of the key elements in comprehensive health care, aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality rates in the population and priority risk groups in El Salvador. On December 31, 2019, the WHO notified an outbreak of pneumonia cases, of unknown etiology, in Wuhan, Hubei province, China; Faced with such a situation, the Government of El Salvador, on January 23, 2020, decreed a Sanitary Emergency, due to the probable arrival of suspected cases of 2019-nCoV and began preparations to face the pandemic, of what was later called an agent cause COVID-19. At the moment, more than 169 candidate vaccines against COVID-19 are being developed, of which 52 are in the phase of human trials. Given the pressing need to provide hopeful alternatives to control mortality from this disease, vaccines that have shown the highest efficacy are about to be introduced in our country, considering the promising results of existing studies at the time. This fact marks the need to design the Technical Guidelines for vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, in order to establish the technical provisions for health personnel of the National Integrated Health System in the processes of conservation, transport and application of vaccines. the vaccine to the target population
Subject(s)
Vaccination , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2 , Population , Disease , MorbidityABSTRACT
El Ministerio de Salud a través del Instituto Nacional de Salud realizó la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) 2021, con la finalidad de recopilar información actualizada que provea un panorama de la situación actual de la población y que contribuya a la evaluación y retroalimentación de programas y políticas públicas implementadas. La ENS 2021 estuvo dirigida a mujeres entre 15 y 49 años, niños/as menores de 5 años y niños/as y adolescentes entre 5 a 17 años. Proporciona información acerca de la situación de salud, educativa y social de estas poblaciones que se complementa y articula con la información disponible en los registros administrativos de las diferentes instancias que conforman en Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud. Los cuestionarios utilizados fueron elaborados de manera conjunta con diferentes actores e instituciones que intervienen en las poblaciones de interés. El levantamiento de la información fue conducido por el equipo de la Dirección General de Estadística y Censos (DIGESTYC) con la supervisión y monitoreo del equipo técnico del INS durante los meses de marzo a junio 2021; tomando en cuenta el contexto de la pandemia por Covid-19. El presente documento contiene los resultados provenientes de más de 16 mil 500 hogares a nivel nacional de donde se han estimado los principales indicadores que brindarán información valiosa para instituciones que pertenecen al sistema de salud, organizaciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, así como a los tomadores de decisiones para formular o mejorar las políticas en salud
The Ministry of Health through the National Institute of Health carried out the National Health Survey (ENS) 2021, in order to collect updated information that provides an overview of the current situation of the population and that contributes to the evaluation and feedback of programs and public policies implemented. The ENS 2021 was aimed at women between 15 and 49 years old, children under 5 years old, and children and adolescents between 5 and 17 years old. It provides information about the health, educational and social situation of these populations that is complemented and articulated with the information available in the administrative records of the different instances that make up the National Integrated Health System. The questionnaires used were developed jointly with different actors and institutions that intervene in the populations of interest. The collection of information was conducted by the team of the General Directorate of Statistics and Censuses (DIGESTYC) with the supervision and monitoring of the technical team of the INS during the months of March to June 2021; taking into account the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. This document contains the results from more than 16,500 households nationwide, from which the main indicators have been estimated that will provide valuable information for institutions that belong to the health system, governmental and non-governmental organizations, as well as policyholders. decisions to formulate or improve health policies
Subject(s)
Population , Family Characteristics , Health , Surveys and Questionnaires , Health Surveys , El Salvador , PolicyABSTRACT
La presente Norma tiene por objeto unificar criterios y establecer los procedimientos técnicos, administrativos y operativos, de los diferentes niveles de atención del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud, para la prevención, detección y manejo oportuno de las enfermedades bucodentales, con atenciones preventivas, curativas y especializadas para incidir en el estado de salud de la población salvadoreña, incluidos los pueblos indígenas, procurando el acceso equitativo y universal
The purpose of this Standard is to unify criteria and establish procedures technical, administrative and operational, of the different levels of attention of the System National Integrated Health Program, for the prevention, detection and timely management of oral diseases, with preventive, curative and specialized care to influence in the state of health of the Salvadoran population, including indigenous peoples, seeking equitable and universal access
Subject(s)
Population , Oral Health , Public Health Dentistry , Health Status , DiseaseABSTRACT
El documento contiene las orientaciones para el personal de la salud que brinda cuidados integrales de salud mental a la población de niños, niñas y adolescentes víctimas y sobrevivientes de trata de personas que se atienden en los establecimientos de salud a nivel nacional.
Subject(s)
Population , Child , Mental Health , Adolescent , Human Trafficking , Health Facilities , Occupational GroupsABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the degree of knowledge of deaf and hard of hearing patients about oral health and relate it to clinical and demographic variables. Methods: The target population was schoolchildren from the 6th to the 9th grade of Elementary School and the 1st year of High School. Data collection took place through a structured questionnaire previously validated. The expressed as absolute and percentage frequencies it was analyzed using Fisher's exact test or Pearson's chi-square test (p <0.05). Results: Assessing the relationship between oral health and quality of life, to 53 students, 32.1% of students never reported pain in their teeth, mouth, or jaws, 55.8% never missed school due to problems with their teeth or dental treatments, 71, 2% never avoided smiling or laughing due to problems with teeth or dental treatments, 53.8% never avoided opening their mouths or talking due to problems with teeth or dental treatments. Conclusion: Professional and patient communication should be emphasized with the deaf and hard of hearing to intensify the importance of monitoring with the dental surgeon, carrying out activities to promote, prevent, cure, and rehabilitate oral health.
Objetivo: Avaliar o grau de conhecimento de pacientes portadores de deficiência auditiva sobre a saúde bucal, e relacionar com as variáveis clínicas e demográficas. Métodos: A população alvo foram escolares do 6º ao 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental e do 1º ano do Ensino Médio. A coleta de dados ocorreu de agosto a novembro de 2018, por meio de um questionário estruturado previamente validado. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio do programa SPSS (Statistical Package of the Social Sciences) e expressos em forma de frequência absoluta e percentual e analisados pelo teste exato de Fisher ou qui-quadrado de Pearson (p<0,05). Resultados: Avaliando a relação da saúde bucal com a qualidade de vida de 53 alunos; 32,1% dos alunos nunca relataram dores nos dentes, na boca, ou nos maxilares, 55,8% nunca faltaram à escola devido problemas com os dentes ou tratamentos dentários, 71,2% nunca evitaram sorrir ou rir devido a problemas com os dentes ou tratamentos dentários, 53,8% nunca evitaram abrir a boca ou falar devido a problemas com os dentes ou tratamentos dentários. Conclusão: A comunicação profissional e paciente deve ser enfatizada com os portadores de deficientes auditivos, com o intuito de intensificar a importância do acompanhamento com o cirurgião dentista, realizando atividades de promoção, prevenção, cura e reabilitação à saúde bucal
Subject(s)
Oral Health , Patients , Population , Quality of Life , Students , Education, Primary and Secondary , Disease Prevention , Hearing , Hearing Loss , MouthABSTRACT
Purpose: Based on the available data, alterations of the antioxidant defense as well as the vitamin status in mothers may affect the prenatal process of lung and immune system development as a pathophysiological background of increased prevalence of allergic diseases. The primary aim of the current study was to assess the associations among cord blood concentrations of zinc (Zn); copper (Cu); selenium (Se); ß-carotene; and vitamin A, E, and D, and the occurrence of atopic dermatitis, food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma in early school-age children. Methods: We evaluated 211 children, 7-9 years old, from the Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study. the women were interviewed during pregnancy to collect demographic and socioeconomic data, and the medical and reproductive history. At delivery, umbilical cord blood plasma was sampled. Seven to nine years after the birth, the child's exposure and health status (including skin-prick test and spirometry for allergy assessment and urine sample for cotinine level) were examined. In the analyses, a multivariable model was applied. Results: Statistically significant relationships were found among Zn; Cu; Se; and vitamin A, E, and D concentrations in cord blood; and the prevalence of food allergy, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma in children ages 7-9 years after adjustment for several confounders. Conclusion: We showed an imbalance in the antioxidant defense system in cord blood, which may lead to the occurrence of allergic diseases later in life. The maternal diet may have substantial potential to modify immune tolerance and, consequently, the development of allergic disease in the offspring.Clinical trial NCT01861548,
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/metabolism , Hypersensitivity/metabolism , Population , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/metabolism , Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives , Child , Cohort Studies , Copper/blood , Female , Humans , Hypersensitivity/epidemiology , Male , Maternal Exposure/adverse effects , Mothers , Poland/epidemiology , Pregnancy , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/epidemiology , Selenium/blood , Vitamin D/blood , Zinc/bloodABSTRACT
Objective The aim of this study was to describe patterns of health service utilisation among the Australian population with cancer compared with the general population. Methods Data for all respondents aged ≥25 years from two successive National Health Surveys conducted between 2011 and 2014 were analysed. Respondents with a history of cancer were identified as the cancer group, whereas all other respondents who did not report having had a cancer were included in the non-cancer control group. Comparisons were made between the two groups using logistic regression models. Results The population with cancer was more likely to report having consulted their general practitioner, specialist, chemist, dietician, naturopath, nurse, optometrist, dentist, audiologist and other health professionals than the non-cancer population. The cancer population was also more likely to be admitted to hospital and to have visited an out-patient clinic, emergency department and day clinic. The presence of comorbidity and a current cancer were associated with a greater likelihood of receiving health services among the population with cancer. Conclusion The population with cancer used health services significantly more than the non-cancer population. Further studies are urgently needed to identify optimal approaches to delivery of care for this population, including barriers and enablers for their implementation. What is known about the topic? Multimorbidity is highly prevalent among the cancer population due to risk factors shared between cancer and other chronic diseases, and the development of new conditions resulting from cancer treatment and cancer complications. However, the Australian healthcare system is not set up optimally to address issues related to multimorbidity. What does this paper add? This study is the first step in quantifying health services use by the population with cancer compared with the general population without cancer. Cancer survivors have an increased need for specific health services, particularly among those with multimorbidity. What are the implications for practitioners? The development of integrated care models to manage multiple chronic diseases aligned with the Australian National Strategic Framework for Chronic Conditions is warranted. Further studies are urgently needed to identify optimal approaches to delivery of care for this population, including barriers and enablers for their implementation.
Subject(s)
Delivery of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Health Behavior , Neoplasms/psychology , Neoplasms/therapy , Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Aged , Australia , Comorbidity , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Population , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Resumo Executivo Tecnologia As práticas corporais da Medicina Tradicional Chinesa (MTC) envolvem movimento ou manipulação corporal, atitude mental e respiração com intuito de equilibrar a energia vital - Qi. Indicação As práticas da MTC são recomendadas para promoção, manutenção e recuperação da saúde, bem como prevenção de agravos e doenças. As práticas corporais da MTC, no Brasil, incluem acupuntura, lian gong, chi gong (qigong, chi kung); tui-na e tai chi chuan. Estas práticas foram incorporadas no SUS mediante Portaria no 971, de 03 de maio de 2006. Pergunta Qual é a eficácia/efetividade e a segurança das práticas corporais da Medicina Tradicional Chinesa (MTC), exceto acupuntura, na cessação do tabagismo em adultos e/ou idosos? Métodos As buscas por revisão sistemática foram realizadas em cinco bases de dados sem restrição de ano de publicação, publicados em inglês, português e espanhol. A busca foi por estudos que avaliassem o efeito das práticas corporais na cessação do tabagismo em adultos e idosos. Uma busca adicional por ensaios clínicos randomizados foi realizada em seis bases de dados, respeitando os mesmos critérios de elegibilidade. A acupuntura, embora faça parte das práticas da MTC, não foi incluída porque está sendo analisada separadamente em outras revisões realizadas por esta mesma equipe. Resultados De 111 revisões sistemáticas e 1.525 ensaios clínicos recuperados nas bases de dados, nenhum estudo atendeu aos critérios de elegibilidade. Conclusão Devido à falta de evidências não é possível tecer considerações sobre a eficácia e segurança das práticas de MTC no controle do tabagismo na população adulta.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Safety , Tobacco Use Disorder , Health , Population , Aged , Efficacy , Adult , AcupunctureABSTRACT
El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el consumo de psicoestimulantes en estudiante de la Universidad San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca. Se recolectaron los datos mediante encuestas aplicadas a 331 estudiantes. El estudio reveló el psicoestimulante de mayor consumo con 31,88% el café y la coca cola con 26,65%, en su mayoría fueron consumidos con fines académicos. En los efectos secundarios, la sed se estableció como el más frecuente en estudiantes con 30,74%, seguido por cefalea con 27,56% y el cansancio en 14,84%. Se concluye que el café se determina como psicoestimulante menor más consumido en épocas de actividad académica y la sed como el efecto secundario más frecuente.
The objective of the study was to determine the consumption of psychostimulants in a student at the San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca University. The data were collected through surveys applied to 331 students. The study revealed the psychostimulant with the highest consumption with 31.88%, coffee and coca cola with 26.65%, most of which were consumed for academic purposes. Regarding side effects, thirst was established as the most frequent in students with 30.74%, followed by headache with 27.56% and fatigue in 14.84%. It is concluded that coffee is determined as the minor psychostimulant most consumed in times of academic activity and thirst as the most frequent side effect.
Subject(s)
Coca , Coffee , Fatigue , Population , Rebound Effect , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Laboratórios clínicos desempenham um papel importante no apoio ao sistema do Serviço Nacional de Saúde, proporcionando saúde de qualidade para a população moçambicana. Como parte deste sistema, os laboratórios trabalham lado a lado com outros sectores para garantir testagem apropriada para o diagnóstico e acompanhamento (monitoria) de várias doenças. A Estratégia Nacional dos Laboratórios Clínicos de Moçambique (ENLC) foi desenvolvida em complementaridade do Plano Estratégico do Sector de Saúde 2014-2019, liderando esforços para fortalecer a rede de laboratórios clínicos em Moçambique e servirá para orientar, harmonizar e coordenar todas acções nacionais e internacionais ao longo dos próximos cinco anos. Sendo os laboratórios clínicos uma área transversal, os Objectivos Estratégicos, Metas, Indicadores e Actividades da ENLC foram desenvolvidos após uma revisão dos planos estratégicos anteriores, políticas e directrizes existentes, avaliações situacionais com envolvimento das partes interessadas e uma reflexão crítica sobre a crescente dependência de serviços laboratoriais de alta qualidade em todo o sistema de saúde. Reconhecendo a complexidade dos serviços laboratoriais de Moçambique, a disponibilidade de financiamento pode afectar o alcance dos Objectivos. Com efeito, solicita-se a todos os intervenientes que utilizam serviços de laboratório para apoiarem na disponibilização de recursos para fortalecer os serviços de diagnóstico laboratorial de qualidade, acessíveis à população moçambicana, com vista a se alcançar progressivamente a Cobertura Universalde Saúde, permitindo deste modo, a todos os moçambicanos, especialmente os mais vulneráveis, desfrutarem da melhor saúde possível. Espera-se também que as propostas de intervenções desta Estratégia sejam incorporadas nos planos dos gestores e implementadores do Sistema Nacional de Saúde de acordo com as responsabilidades que lhe forem conferidas e que sirva de inspiração usando-o no seu dia-a-dia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Population , Viral Load , Clinical Laboratory Techniques , Diagnostic Services , National Health Systems , Clinical Laboratory Services , Flow Cytometry , Hematology , Laboratories , Microbiology , Parasitology , Serology , Biochemistry , National Health ProgramsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of polypharmacy among Australians aged 70 years or more, 2006-2017. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Analysis of a random 10% sample of Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) data for people aged 70 or more who were dispensed PBS-listed medicines between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2017. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of continuous polypharmacy (five or more unique medicines dispensed during both 1 April - 30 June and 1 October - 31 December in a calendar year) among older Australians, and the estimated number of people affected in 2017; changes in prevalence of continuous polypharmacy among older concessional beneficiaries, 2006-2017. RESULTS: In 2017, 36.1% of older Australians were affected by continuous polypharmacy, or an estimated 935 240 people. Rates of polypharmacy were higher among women than men (36.6% v 35.4%) and were highest among those aged 80-84 years (43.9%) or 85-89 years (46.0%). The prevalence of polypharmacy among PBS concessional beneficiaries aged 70 or more increased by 9% during 2006-2017 (from 33.2% to 36.2%), but the number of people affected increased by 52% (from 543 950 to 828 950). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of polypharmacy among older Australians is relatively high, affecting almost one million older people, and the number is increasing as the population ages. Our estimates are probably low, as we could not take over-the-counter or complementary medicines or private prescriptions into account. Polypharmacy can be appropriate, but there is substantial evidence for its potential harm and the importance of rationalising unnecessary medicines, particularly in older people.
Subject(s)
Drug Prescriptions/statistics & numerical data , Polypharmacy , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Australia/epidemiology , Databases, Factual , Drug Prescriptions/economics , Female , Humans , Male , National Health Programs/economics , Population , PrevalenceABSTRACT
The relationships between inorganic arsenic (iAs) metabolism, selenium (Se) status, and genetic polymorphisms of various genes, commonly studied in populations exposed to high levels of iAs from drinking water, were studied in a Croatian-Slovenian population from the wider PHIME-CROME project. Population consisted of 136 pregnant women in the 3rd trimester and 176 non-pregnant women with their children (nâ¯=â¯176, 8-9 years old). Their exposure to iAs, defined by As (speciation) analyses of biological samples, was low. The sums of biologically active metabolites (arsenite + arsenate + methylated As forms) for pregnant women, non-pregnant women, and children, respectively were: 3.23 (2.84-3.68), 1.83 (1.54-2.16) and 2.18 (1.86-2.54) ng/mLSG; GM (95 CI). Corresponding plasma Se levels were: 54.8 (52.8-56.9), 82.3 (80.4-84.0) and 65.8 (64.3-67.3) ng/mL; GM (95 CI). As methylation efficiency indexes confirmed the relationship between pregnancy/childhood and better methylation efficiency. Archived blood and/or saliva samples were used for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping of arsenic(3+) methyltransferase - AS3MT (rs7085104, rs3740400, rs3740393, rs3740390, rs11191439, rs10748835, rs1046778 and the corresponding AS3MT haplotype); methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase - MTHFR (rs1801131, rs1801133); aquaporin - AQP 4 and 9 (rs9951307 and rs2414539); selenoprotein P1 - SELENOP (rs7579, rs3877899); indolethylamine N-methyltransferase - INMT (rs6970396); and metallothionein 2A - MT2A (rs28366003). Associations of SNPs with As parameters and urine Se were determined through multiple regression analyses adjusted using appropriate confounders (blood As, plasma Se, ever smoking, etc.). SNPs' influence on As methylation, defined particularly by the secondary methylation index (SMI), confirmed the 'protective' role of minor alleles of six AS3MT SNPs and their haplotype only among non-pregnant women. Among the other investigated genes, the carriers of AQP9 (rs2414539) were associated with more efficient As methylation and higher urine concentration of As and Se among non-pregnant women; poorer methylation was observed for carriers of AQP4 (rs9951307) among pregnant women and SELENOP (rs7579) among non-pregnant women; MT2A (rs28366003) was associated with higher urine concentration of AsIII regardless of the pregnancy status; and INMT (rs6970396) was associated with higher As and Se concentration in non-pregnant women. Among confounders, the strongest influence was observed for plasma Se; it reduced urine AsIII concentration during pregnancy and increased secondary methylation index among non-pregnant women. In the present study of populations with low As exposure, we observed a few new As-gene associations (particularly with AQPs). More reliable interpretations will be possible after their confirmation in larger populations with higher As exposure levels.
Subject(s)
Arsenic/metabolism , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Selenium/metabolism , Aquaporin 4/genetics , Aquaporins/genetics , Child , Female , Humans , Metallothionein/genetics , Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)/genetics , Methyltransferases/genetics , Population , PregnancyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Evaluate effectiveness of active exercise interventions for improving gross motor activity/participation of school-aged, ambulant/semi-ambulant children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Five databases were searched for papers including school-aged children with CP, participating in active, exercise interventions with gross motor outcomes measured at the Activity/Participation level. Interventions with previous systematic reviews were excluded (e.g. hippotherapy). Evidence Level and conduct were examined by two raters. RESULTS: Seven interventions (34 studies) met criteria. All studies reported on gross motor function, however, a limited number investigated participation outcomes. Strong positive evidence was available for Gross Motor Activity Training (n= 6, Evidence Level II-IV), and Gross Motor Activity Training with progressive resistance exercise plus additional physiotherapy (n = 3, all Evidence Level II). Moderate positive evidence exists for Gross Motor Activity Training plus additional physiotherapy (n = 2, all Evidence Level II) and Physical Fitness Training (n = 4, Evidence Level II-V). Weak positive evidence was available for Modified Sport (n = 3, Evidence Level IV-V) and Non-Immersive Virtual Reality (n = 12, Evidence Level II-V). There was strong evidence against Gross Motor Activity Training plus progressive resistance exercise without additional physiotherapy (n = 4, all Evidence Level II). INTERPRETATION: Active, performance-focused exercise with variable practice opportunities improves gross motor function in ambulant/semi-ambulant children with CP. Implications for rehabilitation Active exercise interventions improve gross motor function of ambulant/semi-ambulant children with cerebral palsy. Gross Motor Activity Training is the most common and effective intervention. Practice variability is essential to improve gross motor function. Participation was rarely measured and requires further research, particularly in interventions that embed real-world participation opportunities like Modified Sport.